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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Espace réflexif</span></h1>
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<p>En <a href="Analyse_fonctionnelle_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Analyse fonctionnelle (mathématiques)">analyse fonctionnelle</a>, un <a href="Espace_vectoriel_norm%C3%A9" title="Espace vectoriel normé">espace vectoriel normé</a> est dit <b>réflexif</b> si l'<a href="Injection_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Injection (mathématiques)">injection</a> naturelle dans son <a href="Dual_topologique#Bidual_(topologique)" title="Dual topologique">bidual topologique</a> est <a href="Surjection" title="Surjection">surjective</a>. Les espaces réflexifs possèdent d'intéressantes propriétés géométriques.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Définition"><span id="D.C3.A9finition"></span>Définition</h2></div>
<p>Soit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> un espace vectoriel normé, sur <a href="Nombre_r%C3%A9el" title="Nombre réel"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span></a> ou <a href="Nombre_complexe" title="Nombre complexe"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span></a>. On note <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}" loading="lazy"></span> son <a href="Dual_topologique" title="Dual topologique">dual topologique</a>, c'est-à-dire l'espace (<a href="Espace_de_Banach" title="Espace de Banach">de Banach</a>) des <a href="Forme_lin%C3%A9aire" title="Forme linéaire">formes linéaires</a> continues de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> dans le corps de base. On peut alors former le <a href="Dual_topologique#Bidual_(topologique)" title="Dual topologique">bidual topologique</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67b827334f818c61a8b86e5d1ea9a3203c8e074b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.134ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X''}" loading="lazy"></span>, qui est le dual topologique de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}" loading="lazy"></span>. Il existe une <a href="Application_lin%C3%A9aire" title="Application linéaire">application linéaire</a> <a href="Continuit%C3%A9_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Continuité (mathématiques)">continue</a> naturelle
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J:X\to X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo>:</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J:X\to X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a61df149922ad7eda79377db8d38d151fcca64a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.137ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J:X\to X''}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>définie par
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J(x)(\phi )=\phi (x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J(x)(\phi )=\phi (x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/216e02d1f481b980ba4d93c1a05267b0e6473789.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.428ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J(x)(\phi )=\phi (x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, pour tout <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> dans <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> dans <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/865f8505e90120a535a4ee68ca253dbd8ce7eb6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X'}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p>Ainsi, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> envoie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> vers la forme linéaire continue sur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> donnée par l'évaluation en <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>. Comme conséquence du <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_Hahn-Banach" title="Théorème de Hahn-Banach">théorème de Hahn-Banach</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> préserve la norme (soit encore
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|J(x)\|=\|x\|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|J(x)\|=\|x\|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a9147517c1f0563ab8aaa200183fe4b8c84df20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.688ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|J(x)\|=\|x\|}" loading="lazy"></span>) et est donc <a href="Injection_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Injection (mathématiques)">injective</a>. L'espace <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> est alors dit <b>réflexif</b> si <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> est <a href="Bijection" title="Bijection">bijective</a>.
</p><p><b>Remarques.</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Cette définition implique que tout espace normé réflexif est de Banach, puisque <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> est isomorphe à <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67b827334f818c61a8b86e5d1ea9a3203c8e074b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.134ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X''}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>L'<a href="Espace_de_James" title="Espace de James">espace de James</a> est non réflexif, bien qu'isométriquement isomorphe à son bidual topologique (par un autre morphisme que <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span>).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2></div>
<p>Tout <a href="Topologie_d'un_espace_vectoriel_de_dimension_finie" title="Topologie d'un espace vectoriel de dimension finie">espace vectoriel normé de dimension finie</a> <i>n</i> est réflexif. En effet son dual (qui coïncide avec le dual topologique puisque toute application linéaire est continue) a pour dimension <i>n</i>, qui est donc aussi la dimension du bidual, si bien que <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_du_rang#Application_à_la_caractérisation_des_isomorphismes" title="Théorème du rang">l'injection linéaire <i>J</i> est alors bijective</a>.
</p><p>Tout <a href="Espace_de_Hilbert" title="Espace de Hilbert">espace de Hilbert</a> est réflexif, de même que les <a href="Espace_Lp" title="Espace Lp">espaces <span class="texhtml">L<sup><i>p</i></sup></span></a> pour <span class="texhtml">1 < <i>p</i> < ∞</span>. De manière générale : tout espace de Banach <a href="Espace_uniform%C3%A9ment_convexe" title="Espace uniformément convexe">uniformément convexe</a> est réflexif d'après le théorème de <a href="David_Milman" title="David Milman">Milman</a>-<a href="Billy_James_Pettis" title="Billy James Pettis">Pettis</a>.
</p><p>Les <a href="Espace_de_suites_%E2%84%93p#Propriétés" title="Espace de suites ℓp">espaces de suites <i>c</i><sub>0</sub>, ℓ<sup>1</sup> et ℓ<sup>∞</sup></a> ne sont pas réflexifs. L'espace <a href="Convergence_uniforme#Distance_uniforme" title="Convergence uniforme">C([0, 1])</a> non plus.
</p><p>Les <a href="Espace_de_Montel" title="Espace de Montel">espaces de Montel</a> sont réflexifs, pour une <a href="Dual_d'un_espace_vectoriel_topologique#Espaces_réflexifs" title="Dual d'un espace vectoriel topologique">définition de la réflexivité</a> généralisant celle présentée ici seulement dans le cas normé.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propriétés"><span id="Propri.C3.A9t.C3.A9s"></span>Propriétés</h2></div>
<p>Si <i>Y </i>est un <a href="Sous-espace_vectoriel" title="Sous-espace vectoriel">sous-espace vectoriel</a> <a href="Ferm%C3%A9_(topologie)" title="Fermé (topologie)">fermé</a> d'un espace réflexif <i>X</i> alors <i>Y </i>et <a href="Espace_vectoriel_norm%C3%A9#Espace_quotient" title="Espace vectoriel normé"><i>X</i>/<i>Y</i></a> sont réflexifs.
</p><p>Pour un espace normé <i>X</i>, les propriétés suivantes sont équivalentes :
</p>
<ol><li><i>X</i> est réflexif ;</li>
<li><i>X </i>est <a href="Espace_complet" title="Espace complet">complet</a> et son dual est réflexif ;</li>
<li>la <a href="Boule_(topologie)" title="Boule (topologie)">boule unité fermée</a> de <i>X</i> est <a href="Topologie_faible" title="Topologie faible">faiblement</a> <a href="Compacit%C3%A9_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Compacité (mathématiques)">compacte</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ;</li>
<li>toute suite bornée de <i>X</i> admet une sous-suite faiblement convergente<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ;</li>
<li><i>X </i>est complet et toute forme linéaire continue sur <i>X</i> atteint sa norme en un point de la boule unité de <i>X</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ;</li>
<li><i>X </i>est complet et tout <a href="Ensemble_convexe" title="Ensemble convexe">convexe</a> fermé non vide <i>C </i>de <i>X </i>est « proximinal », c'est-à-dire que pour tout <i>x</i> dans <i>X</i>, il existe dans <i>C</i> au moins un <i>c</i> (non unique en général) tel que <span class="nowrap">║<i>x – c</i>║</span> soit égal à la <a href="Distance_(math%C3%A9matiques)#Distance_d'un_point_à_une_partie" title="Distance (mathématiques)">distance de <i>x</i> à <i>C</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ol>
<p>Un espace réflexif peut être muni d'une <a href="Norme_%C3%A9quivalente" title="Norme équivalente">norme équivalente</a> qui en fait un <a href="Espace_strictement_convexe" title="Espace strictement convexe">espace strictement convexe</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mais il existe des espaces réflexifs <a href="Espace_s%C3%A9parable" title="Espace séparable">séparables</a> qui ne sont pas <a href="Super-r%C3%A9flexivit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-réflexivité">super-réflexifs</a>, c'est-à-dire qui ne sont <a href="Espace_uniform%C3%A9ment_convexe" title="Espace uniformément convexe">uniformément convexes</a> pour aucune norme équivalente<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Un espace réflexif est séparable si et seulement si son dual est séparable<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_space?oldid=432817821">Reflexive space</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_space?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BarbuPrecupanu2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Viorel_BarbuTeodor_Precupanu2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Viorel <span class="nom_auteur">Barbu</span> et Teodor <span class="nom_auteur">Precupanu</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Convexity and Optimization in Banach Spaces</cite>, <a href="Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer</a>, <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 368 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">978-94-007-2246-0</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKljTkrZgBIC&pg=PA33">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 33<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convexity+and+Optimization+in+Banach+Spaces&rft.pub=Springer&rft.edition=4&rft.aulast=Barbu&rft.aufirst=Viorel&rft.au=Precupanu%2C+Teodor&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=33&rft.tpages=368&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2246-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEspace+r%C3%A9flexif"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En effet, dans un espace normé (non nécessairement complet) muni de la topologie faible, une partie est compacte si et seulement si elle est <a href="Compacit%C3%A9_s%C3%A9quentielle" title="Compacité séquentielle">séquentiellement compacte</a>, d'après le <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_d'Eberlein-%C5%A0mulian" title="Théorème d'Eberlein-Šmulian">théorème d'Eberlein-Šmulian</a> : <span class="ouvrage" id="AliprantisBorder2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charalambos_D._AliprantisKim_C._Border2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="Charalambos_D._Aliprantis" title="Charalambos D. Aliprantis">Charalambos D. Aliprantis</a> et Kim C. Border, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Infinite Dimensional Analysis : A Hitchhiker's Guide</cite>, Springer, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 703 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">978-3-540-32696-0</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hIq6ExH7NoC&pg=PA241">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 241<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+Dimensional+Analysis&rft.pub=Springer&rft.edition=3&rft.stitle=A+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide&rft.aulast=Aliprantis&rft.aufirst=Charalambos+D.&rft.au=Kim+C.+Border&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=241&rft.tpages=703&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32696-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEspace+r%C3%A9flexif"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir « <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_James" title="Théorème de James">Théorème de James</a> ».</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CrouzeixMartinez-LegazVolle1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_CrouzeixJuan-Enrique_Martinez-LegazMichel_Volle1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jean-Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Crouzeix</span>, Juan-Enrique <span class="nom_auteur">Martinez-Legaz</span> et Michel Volle, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Generalized Convexity, Generalized Monotonicity : Recent Results</cite>, Springer, <time>1998</time>, 471 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">978-0-7923-5088-0</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3jOxbSsF3EC&pg=PA210">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 210<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generalized+Convexity%2C+Generalized+Monotonicity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.stitle=Recent+Results&rft.aulast=Crouzeix&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Martinez-Legaz%2C+Juan-Enrique&rft.au=Michel+Volle&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=210&rft.tpages=471&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5088-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEspace+r%C3%A9flexif"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lindenstrauss1966"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joram_Lindenstrauss1966"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="Joram_Lindenstrauss" title="Joram Lindenstrauss">Joram Lindenstrauss</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">On nonseparable reflexive Banach spaces</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society">Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 72, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6, <time>1966</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">967-970</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183528494">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+nonseparable+reflexive+Banach+spaces&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.issue=6&rft.aulast=Lindenstrauss&rft.aufirst=Joram&rft.date=1966&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=967-970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Feuclid.bams%2F1183528494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEspace+r%C3%A9flexif"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Day1941"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mahlon_M._Day1941"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Mahlon M. Day, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Reflexive Banach spaces not isomorphic to uniformly convex spaces</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 47, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 4, <time>1941</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">313-317</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bams/1183503576">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reflexive+Banach+spaces+not+isomorphic+to+uniformly+convex+spaces&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Mahlon+M.&rft.date=1941&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=313-317&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Feuclid.bams%2F1183503576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEspace+r%C3%A9flexif"></span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ceci résulte du fait qu'un espace vectoriel normé est séparable dès que son dual l'est.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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